Author: Pastor Bob

We transition in Leviticus from being told what we ought to do, to what will happen if we don’t do what we ought to do.  The punishment that is meted out by God is very detailed in most of the cases of sin.  We begin in 17 with the mandate to not eat blood because it is considered the life of any animal and we are not to indulge in the life of any animal.

Let me move forward just a bit to explain why do we find all of these things spelled out so clearly.  We have an explanation in Leviticus 20:22 where God says to the people:  “Keep all of my decrees and laws and follow them…You must not live according to the customs of the nations that I am going to drive out before you…But I said to you, ‘You will possess their land; I will give it to you as an inheritance, a land flowing with milk and honey.’  I am the Lord your God, who has set you apart from the nations.”

These laws and regulations were completely contrary to what was happening around the Israelites.  Their “neighbors” were involved in sexual practices which God prohibited, they were involved in eating blood, they were involved in doing things that simply were not acceptable to God, so he required the Israelites to be set apart from the other nations.  This setting apart is a theme that remains consistent throughout the Bible.  When the people of God become sucked into the culture and seduced by that which is happening around them, well, then they fall away from the wishes and desires of God.

Chapter 18 contains a series of unlawful sexual relations, all dealing with family dalliances.  19 addresses various laws, many of which are covered by the 10 commandments.  20 gives the punishment for sin for those unlawful sexual relations.  Notice a couple of times God speaks strongly against following mediums or spiritists, something that I have found in this day and age some folks are not taking too seriously.

Hebrews gives us a great Scripture describing the once and for all nature of Jesus’ sacrifice and how this forgave our sins for eternity and that we never have to sacrifice animals again because of what God has done for us.  

If the Lord gave the Jewish people anything, he gave them laws of cleanliness which were detailed and legion.  We embarked on the beginning of those laws in chapter 12 and now we continue in 13 and beyond with the laws dealing with leprosy.  Keep in mind this term in the Hebrew is not the distinct and only disease that we consider as being leprosy, but rather it is in the Hebrew a term for several skin diseases, and the precise meaning is a bit unclear.

So 13 gives the details on what to look for and what is unclean and what is eventually clean.  Notice that there is a time of quarantine for those that potentially had the disease.  We should feel right at home with that.  More leprous descriptions take over 14 and which include not only the person but also his house and what types of sacrifices need to be done in order to come out of the leprous situation.  

We then more from leprosy to the wonderful world of bodily discharges and how long a person is unclean after a discharge and how to get back into the clean world once all that business is done.  We then get to the yearly ritual of atonement which involves a bull and two goats.  One of the goats is said to be the one of Azazel which in Hebrew is thought to mean scapegoat.  This goat has fascinated me.  Every year the priest lays his hands on this goat and puts on this goat all of the sin, iniquities, and trespasses of the people of Israel and then sent off into the wilderness for all eternity.  This is how the people of Israel were made clean year after year, and it had to happen year after year.  This is where Hebrews tells us that with Jesus and his sacrifice, it only had to happen once, and that was enough.

In Hebrews we see the reference again to Melchizedek who is quite a secondary figure in Scripture but who is made primary by the author as Jesus has become his type.  While Jesus was not from the line of Aaron he has right over this new priesthood just as Melchizedek had a right and with the changing of the family of priests there is also a changing of the covenant.  He uses the words of Jeremiah 31 to describe that new covenant in chapter 8 and to underscore that as the old covenant becomes obsolete it will disappear and the new covenant, in Christ, is what will take its place.

We saw earlier the command to prepare all things for the tabernacle and the priests and their duties.  We saw the preparations complete for the tabernacle and the priests and their duties, now in Leviticus we see Aaron and his sons performing their duties just as God commanded, well, almost.  Let’s look at what we have in Leviticus.  In 9 we do see a play by play of Aaron sacrificing just as he had been commanded, so in real time we see all things being played out.  In chapter 10 we see that this position and this calling is a risky one, so much so that two of Aaron’s sons are killed by fire because they were, well honestly, they were playing with fire.  

In the 11th chapter we read about the clean and the unclean animals.  Many think that the reasons why these laws were given were to protect the Israelites from meat that could be dangerous to them.  For example, if you don’t cook pork well enough it can literally kill you.  So if it is unclean you don’t have to worry about cooking it.  We will at some time be reading Peter’s pigs in a blanket dream, but if you want a sneak preview check out Acts 10:9-16.  But until then, there was a very clear delineation of what was allowed to be eaten and was not.

We finish off this part of Leviticus with the laws dealing with the purification of women after childbirth.  Again, notice the difference in times after the birth of a male and after the birth of a female.  I think we have discussed earlier the reality of the patriarchal society in both the Old Testament and the New Testament.  There are outliers, but for the most part it is pretty clear who was in charge and the rules were made to ensure that all knew who was in charge.

For Hebrews we find ourselves once again that Jesus is our great high priest and this name Melchizedek comes into play. We see Melchizedek in Scripture in Genesis 14:18-20 where he blesses Abram.  In chapter 6 we see the author warn the reader about falling away from the faith and the difficulty it is to bring someone back into the faith once they have given of their lives to Jesus and then leave the faith.  This was especially important for the early Christians because any act of apostasy could potentially be a death knell for the community of which they were a part.  Apostates could have brought the authorities to their location and take them all into prison.  

I hope you are holding on as we make our way through Leviticus.  The building project is done with the tabernacle, all the things are in place and everything has been finished and is ready now for us.  But now it is time to get the people who are going to be administrating the actions that take place in the tabernacle ready.  If you haven’t noticed already Aaron and his sons have been set apart to take the role of the priests.  They are now in these Scriptures, and for all future Scriptures, identified as the priestly class.  They have the responsibilities of carrying out all of the priestly duties in  relationship to the tabernacle and later to the temple.

They have to be taught what types of sacrifices are acceptable to the Lord and how are they to logistically administer those sacrifices.  Earlier someone had commented about those offering the sacrifices and if they were allowed to have some of what was sacrificed.  These verses give us those answers.  Yes, they were, but depending on the type of sacrifice.  So each of the chapters describes the sacrifices, how to perform them, and the details involved.  In chapter 8 you have the ordination of Aaron and his sons, their being set apart for this work.  This is similar to what we did last Sunday in church as we ordained installed our elders and our deacons and our trustees for their duties and responsibilities.

In Hebrews we have some of the most powerful memory verses in Scripture.  Granted, Scripture has a lot of really powerful memory verses, but let’s listen to some of them here.  Chapter 4 has a couple of them, look at vs. 12-13.  The Word of God is called a two edged sword able to judge the thoughts of the heart.  We then also see in chapter 4 vs.15 the fact that we repeat over and over again that Jesus understands us and knows us and has suffered and undergone the same things that we have, and faced every temptation that we have, but without sin.  This is powerful.  If you can memorize these verses it will be to your benefit.  Just meditate on them night and day.

So we get into the part of the Bible that often if people are reading straight through it they would get bogged down here and give up the challenge.  Leviticus is a difficult book to make it all the way through simply because it is filled with these laws and sacrifices and antiquated rules that we simply cannot relate to because we do not take part in them anymore.  I am grateful that this challenge has us read Hebrews, because the two do go together.  Let’s look at Leviticus and then how Hebrews complements this book of the Bible.

So the traveling tabernacle is built and now God gives Moses the directions on what the people are supposed to do when they bring an offering to the Lord.  The first chapter covers an offering from livestock and the second chapter covers an offering from grain.  The third chapter covers an offering that is presented out of thanksgiving, or well-being.  The final chapter we read this morning is for an offering for sin that takes place without the individual or the community knowing that it was a sin when it was committed.  So if there is unintentional sin then this is also covered.  We now move to Hebrews.

The primary theme of Hebrews is that Jesus is our high priest.  Not only is he the high priest, but we shall see later as well, he is the offering himself that is presented once and for all for our sins.  As Leviticus presents the Hebrew people with the how to in order to present sacrifices correctly, Hebrews describes to us Jesus who is the final, once and for all sacrifice that when he was presented covered all of our sins, past, present, and future.  

Look at vs.10 and following where we read that God made Jesus the “pioneer” of our salvation and perfect through sufferings.  Look at vs.17 and following and take it under consideration: Jesus had to become like us in every respect sot hat he might be a merciful and faithful Savior in the service of God, to make a sacrifice of atonement for the sins of the people (remember Leviticus).  Because he himself was tested by what he suffered, he is able to help those who are being tested.  Take comfort in these words.

Peter once again self-identifies but this time as Simon Peter, which is a name that is more familiar to us than just Peter for this disciple.  He again appeals to those who believe in Jesus Christ, that’s us, to live our lives as worthy of our calling.  He lifts up the scene on the Mount of Transfiguration (you can find that story in Matthew 17:5, Mark 9:7, and Luke 9:35) when Peter, James and John went together and Peter made a fool of himself:  Lord, let us make three dwelling places so that Moses and you and Elijah can stay her for eternity.  The answer from God was basically, be quiet, this is my son with whom I am well pleased, and then the kicker, Listen to Him!

Those last three words are crucial for any of us.  We must ensure that our lives are a reflection of listening to him.  The second chapter is a warning against false teachers and how they will take people who are unsuspecting and make them into followers of destruction.  I can’t help but think that with the blending of this heresy called Christian nationalism, some of this is taking place.  People are being led to believe that God is calling a certain political way of thinking to take precedent over how Christ calls us to live.  

The final chapter brings us to an expectation that we all ought to have knowing that Jesus is coming back.  So much time has passed by now that the sense of urgency which the 1st century Christians felt, has somewhat dissipated.  When Peter is writing he is experiencing a very present and real expectation that Jesus could come back any day.  We ought to have that same feeling, but with the passing of time, it seems like that expectation has become less acute.  But nevertheless we must follow what Peter tells us to do in vs.17 and 18: …be on your guard…grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ

What a relief it is to make our way out of Exodus and the description of what they made so that Moses and Aaron and his sons would be outfitted appropriately.  Again, this Scripture describes them fulfilling exactly what God had commanded previously and so we are ready for the presence of the Lord to fill the tabernacle and to be the  presence of God in the midst of the people.  That happens at the end of this chapter, the cloud descends and resides in the tabernacle.  The people stay put on their journey to the promised land until the cloud lifts.  I would say mission accomplished, at least in regards to the tabernacle.

I love being able to read entire books of the Bible in one sitting.  Normally we would read a few verses, or maybe a chapter or two, but this morning we have an entire book of the Bible.  I Peter talks to those in the diaspora.  So, in 70 AD the temple would have been destroyed and all the Jews in Jerusalem and in that region would  have been dispersed because the Romans were blaming the Jews under Nero of uprisings against the Roman state.  The diaspora is simply the scattered Jews who left Jerusalem and settled elsewhere.  Since that time there has been no region ascribed to the people of Israel until after WWII and the creation of the nation of Israel, hard to believe.

So Peter’s primary emphasis is to ensure that those who are scattered abroad who are disciples of Jesus Christ act in a way that distinguishes them from the rest of the culture around them.  Not only were they not to sacrifice to idols, that is an obvious one, but they are to act in  way that they would not be identified as troublemakers and as people who were set against society and culture and so as a result would have to be constantly reprimanded for that.  Basically, Peter was saying, fit in without compromising your faith in Jesus Christ.  

Do not be brought before the authorities for doing something wrong, that is a bad mark against Jesus.  But if you are brought before the authorities because of your faith in Jesus, well, that can’t be helped, wear that as a badge of honor.  We are given lists of moral imperatives that we ought to follow.  It is a good reminder that in our society and culture, even today, we ought not to make anything more important than our following our Savior.  If anything within our life becomes more important than what Jesus teaches us, well, then we have moved the goal posts and maybe, just maybe, we are no longer worthy to be called his disciples.

Most of these chapters may seem like a repeat to you of the chapters before these that described what had to be done in order to make the tabernacle the way that God wanted it.  So the description has now switched to praxis and Bezalel and Oholiab put the commands of the Lord to work and created the tabernacle as it was commanded.  A few other things that we should lift up here in these chapters as well.

In 33 we find God commanding Moses to enter the promised land but tells him that as he makes his way through the hostile nations God will not be by his side, but feel free to go up anyway.  As you can imagine Moses was not a big fan of going solo without God by his side so he beseeches God to change his mind and accompany the people and Moses as they made their way through the hostile lands towards the promised land.  Moses is able to be in the real presence of God in a way that no other person is able to do.  

In 34 we find Moses being given the tables with the 10 commandments again.  A curious thing about this chapter is that we see Moses’ face shining when he comes down from the mountain and after every appearance that he has with God.  In art history, and in Hebrew, the word “shining” can also mean “horns” so there was a tradition that Moses had horns after he encountered God and so as a result put a veil over his face to cover his horns.  You will find below one of the more famous depictions of this which is in the Vatican today and was done by none other Michelangelo himself.  The youth and adult going on the Italy Mission Trip will be able to see this in person!

What a rollercoaster of a reading.  We begin with the first six chapters in this reading of a detailed accounting not only of the tabernacle and how it ought to be adorned, but also of the priests who are serving the people and how they ought to be adorned.  Keep in mind that the Israelites are still a nomadic people at this time, they have not arrived and settled in the promised land, so all that is described has to be picked up and carried from place to place.  All that they have to make in order to have a proper worship has to be carried from one location to the other.

Notice also how the priests are set apart.  This is part of the reason why currently at the traditional service I wear a robe.  There is certainly precedent!  I decided to skip the ephod and the breastpiece, a bit too cumbersome.  But there is certainly a sense that the Aaronic priests were set apart for their work with the Lord and the sacrifices that were demanded in order to set them apart are somewhat involved.  

The irony of this reading is that after six chapters of describing the detail that has to go into the structure where they are going to worship and the preparation of the people who are leading into worship, we find ourselves in chapter 32 with a very clear indication that the people are woefully inadequate to carry out the commandments that God gives to Moses on Mount Sinai.  

The making of the golden calf by Aaron for the people of Israel is a classic Bible story which comes about because the people become inordinately bored with their time while Moses is away.  Moses descends from the mountain not only with the commandments in his hands, but also with his head filled with details on what they have to do next to make the tabernacle, the place of worship, and to prepare the people to worship God in a correct way.  The creation and then the subsequent worship of a calf is not the first step in this process.  In fact, it almost completely derails the project all together.

Notice how Moses pleads for the people on their behalf that God would not destroy them, and then when he gets into the camp and sees how bad things are, that the people have run wild, he gathers up an army and does what God had planned to do in the first place, clean house.  He asks God to take his own life as a penance for the sin of the people, but God says no worries, carry on, I’ll find a time to punish them for their sin.  

The people of Israel are fully entrenched in their departure from Egypt and are making their way to the promised land, the land of Canaan.  Along the way God give them commandments to follow which we find in the chapters that we read today.  Chapter 22 speaks of protection of property and social responsibility.  Chapter 23 gives us the laws of justice and mercy along with the Sabbath laws and then an explanation of an angel that goes before the Israelites to prepare the way for them.  In 24 we have the covenant confirmed and it ends with Moses going up the mountain for 40 days and 40 nights.  That should sound somewhat familiar with the Noah and the ark and his family and animals as they were subjected to rain for 40 days and nights.

We finally see the construction of the tabernacle and the ark and the table and the lampstand all of which was used to worship God and to carry the covenant tablets.  How can you not think of Raiders of the lost Ark when you read this Scripture?  The details that God gives us extraordinary and the ability of the Israelites to make these pieces in the details that are explained is equally extraordinary.  

We then move on to our two psalms, each of which is unique.  The first would be called a lament as the author asks God not to punish him any longer.  “My soul is in anguish, how long, O Lord, how long?”  Then at the end of this psalm, like in almost every psalm of lament, we see God answer the author so that he is able to say: “The Lord has heard my cry for mercy, the Lord accepts my prayer.”  Something changed which allowed him to write this in confidence.

Psalm 146 is a typical psalm of praise, which is to be distinguished from a psalm of lament, they are on opposite ends of the spectrum.  The word praise is used many times to mark the current understanding of the author in regards to his approach to God.  It has to be all about praise.